The Hidden Cost of the ‘Lean’ Ideal: Unmasking the Science of REDs

This narrative review examines the physiological impact of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs), a syndrome caused by a mismatch between dietary intake and the energy required for exercise and daily function.

The authors synthesise current research to show how chronic under-fuelling disrupts bone mineral density, skeletal muscle mass, and hormonal regulation across various athletic disciplines.

While the evidence linking energy deficits to weakened bones and reduced muscle protein synthesis is robust, the relationship with visceral fat and hydration status remains an emerging area of study.

The text highlights that athletes in aesthetic and endurance sports face the highest risk, though male and team-sport athletes are also susceptible to these systemic impairments. Ultimately, the sources provide a framework for early screening and nutritional interventions to prevent long-term damage to health and performance.

This comprehensive overview underscores the necessity of maintaining adequate energy availability to safeguard an athlete’s structural and metabolic integrity.

Podcast: The Hidden Cost of the ‘Lean’ Ideal: Unmasking the Science of REDs